the kris or keris

everything about the kris or keris

The kris or keris is an asymmetrical dagger or sword nowadays most strongly associated with the culture of Indonesia, but also indigenous to Malaysia, Southern Thailand and Brunei. It is known as kalis in the southern Philippines. The kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade (luk), but many have straight blades as well. The numbers of luks is always odd numbered, ranged from three to thirteen waves, however there is also luks that reach 29. Kris can be divided into three parts: bilah (blade), hulu (hilt), and warangka (sheath). These parts of kris are the object of art, often carved in meticulous details and made from various materials; metal, precious rare types of wood to gold or ivory. A kris' aesthetic value covers the dhapur (the form and design of the blade, with around 150 variants), the pamor (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 60 variants), and tangguh referring to the age and origin of a kris

Both a weapon and spiritual object, kris are often considered to have an essence or presence, often considered to possess magical powers, with some blades possessing good luck and others possessing bad. Krises are used for display, as talismans with magical powers, weapons, sanctified heirloom (pusaka), auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, as an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc.Legendary krisses that possess supernatural power and extraordinary ability were mentioned in traditional folktales, such as the krisses of Mpu Gandring, Taming Sari, and Setan Kober.

It is believed that the earliest kris prototype can be traced to Dong Son bronze culture in Vietnam circa 300 BC that spread to other parts of Southeast Asia. Another theory is that the kris was based on daggers from India. Some of the most famous renderings of a kris appear on the bas-reliefs of Borobudur (825 CE) and Prambanan temple (850CE). However from Raffles' (1817) study of the Candi Sukuh that the kris recognized today came into existence around 1361 AD in the kingdom of Majapahit, East Java.

In 2005, UNESCO gave the title Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity to the kris of Indonesia. In return, UNESCO urged Indonesia to preserve their heritage.

The origin of the word kris derived from the old Javanese term ngiris which means to stab, wedge or sliver. "Kris" is the more frequently-used spelling in the West, but "keris" is more popular in the dagger's native lands, as exemplified by the late Bambang Harsrinuksmo's popular book entitled Ensiklopedi Keris (Keris Encyclopedia). Two notable exceptions are the Philippines, where it is usually called kalis or kris, and Thailand where it is always spelled and pronounced as kris. Other spellings used by European colonists include "cryse", "crise", "criss", "kriss" and "creese"

Kris history is generally traced through the study of carvings and bas-relief panels found in Southeast Asia. It is widely believed by archaeologists that the earliest kris prototype can be traced to Dong Son in Vietnam circa 300 BC. Another theory is that the kris was based on daggers from India.Frey (2003) concludes from Raffles' (1817) study of the Candi Sukuh that the kris recognized today came into existence around 1361 AD in the kingdom of Majapahit in Java. The scene in bas relief of Sukuh Temple in Central Java dated from 15th century Majapahit era, shows the workshop of a Javanese keris blacksmith. The scene depicted Bhima as the blacksmith on the left forging the metal, Ganesha in the center, and Arjuna on the right operating the piston bellows to blow air into the furnace. The wall behind the blacksmith displays various items manufactured in the forge, including kris. These representations of the kris in Candi Sukuh established the fact that by the year 1437 the kris had already gained an important place within Javanese culture.

There exist claims of earlier forms predating the Majapahit kris but none are verifiable. In the past, the majority of kris had straight blades but this became less frequent over time. Some of the most famous renderings of a kris appear on the Borobudur temple (825 CE) and Prambanan temple (850CE). Tome Pires, in early 16th century, describe the importance of Kris to the Javanese:

Kris were worn on a daily basis, especially when travelling because it might be needed for self-defense against wild animals or bandits. During wartime it is the weapon of choice together with kris-edged spear (tombak). During time of peace, people wore kris as part of ceremonial attire. Ceremonial kris oftern meticulously decorated with intricate carving in gold and precious stones. Heirloom blades were handed down through successive generations and worn during special events such as weddings and other ceremonies. Men usually wore only one kris but the famous admiral Hang Tuah is said in the Hikayat Hang Tuah to have armed himself with one short and one long kris. As women were also permitted to learn silat, they sometimes also wore kris, though of a smaller size than a man's. In battle, a fighter might carried more than one kris, some carried three kris: his own, one from his father-in-law, and one as a family heirloom. The extra two served as parrying daggers but if none were available, the sheath would serve the same purpose.

Kris were often broken in battle and required repairs. Yearly cleanings, required as part of the spirituality and mythology surrounding the weapon, often left ancient blades worn and thin. The repair materials depended on location and it is quite usual to find a weapon with fittings from several areas. For example, a kris may have a blade from Java, a hilt from Bali and a sheath from Madura.

In many parts of Indonesia, the kris was the choice weapon for execution. The executioner's kris had a long, straight, slender blade. The condemned knelt before the executioner, who placed a wad of cotton or similar material on the subject's shoulder or clavicle area. The blade was thrust through the padding, piercing the subclavian artery and the heart. Upon withdrawal, the cotton wiped the blade clean. Death came within seconds.

In 16th century, European colonial power introduced firearms into the archipelago that contribute to the decline of kris' prominence as the weapon of choice in battle. However its spiritual and ceremonial function still continued and celebrated mainly in kratons and istanas (courts) throughout Indonesia and Malaysia.

Until the 1990s, kris-making activities in Java had almost come to a standstill due to economic difficulties and changing socio-cultural values. However, thanks to several concerned kris experts, the tradition is being revived and kris craftsmanship has increased again.

Over the past three decades, krises have lost their prominent social and spiritual meaning in society. Although active and honoured empus who produce high quality krises in the traditional way can still be found on some places such Madura, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Makassar And Palembang, their number is dramatically decreasing, and it is more difficult for them to find successors to whom they may transmit their skills

A kris' aesthetic value covers the dhapur (the form and design of the blade, with around 150 variants), the pamor (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 60 variants), and tangguh referring to the age and origin of a kris.

Kris blade is called wilah or bilah. Kris blades are usually narrow with a wide, asymmetrical base. Kris is famous for its wavy blades (luk), however the older types of kris dated from Majapahit era are straight blades ones. The numbers of luks is always odd numbered,[1] the common numbers of luks ranged from three to thirteen waves, however there is also luks that reach 29. Today the wavy blade kris is more commonly found than the straight ones. The exact purpose of wavy blade is unknown. It was suggested that wavy blade is symbolize both fire and water, the two elements present during the forging of metal blade. In Bali kris is associated with Nāga (dragon serpent) which also symbolyze irrigation canals, rivers, springs, wells, spouts, waterfalls and rainbows, thus the wavy blade symbolyze the movement of the serpent. Some keris have a naga or serpent head carved near its base with the body and tail following the curves of the blade to the tip. A wavy kris is a naga in motion, aggressive and alive; a straight blade is one at rest, its power dormant but ready to come into action.

Another theory suggested that the wavy blade design was meant to inflict severe wound upon victim. During keris stabbing, the wavy blades severes more blood vessels, creating wider wound which caused the victim to easily bleed to death. However in older Javanese tradition it is also common to apply various types of poisons upon keris blade, which can inflict more potent mortality upon battle.

Different types of whetstones, acidic juice of citrus fruits and poisonous arsenic bring out the contrast between the dark black iron and the light colored silvery nickel layers which together form pamor, damascene patterns on the blade. The distinctive pamor patterns has specific meanings and names which indicate their special magical property.

Kris handle or hilt (hulu keris) is the object of art, often carved in meticulous details and made from various materials; precious rare types of wood to gold or ivory. In Bali kris handle is carved in demon-like creature coated in gold and adorned with semi precious and precious stones, such as rubies. In Java kris handle is made in various type, the most common design is the abstract stylized representation of human. The example of kris hilt styles such as Tunggak Semi Putri Kinurung hilt from Surakarta, Hulu keris Batara Guru and Pulasir from Madura, hulu keris Punukan from Palembang, Ratmaja from Bali, hulu keris Pulungan from Cirebon, and seabird-like hilt from Lampung and Sulawesi.

The kris usually has a curved pistol-grip hilt that aids in stabbing strikes. It allows the palm of the holding hand to add pressure to the blade while stabbing. A kris only offers minimal protection for the hand by the broad blade at the hilt. In rare cases, the blade may be forged so its axis lies at an angle to the hilt's axis. The intention is to get the blade automatically turning to slip past the ribs but this works poorly and makes the weapon less durable

Just like kris hilt, its sheath (warangka) is also the object of art. It can be made from various materials, usually wooden frame to hold the blade which can be coated with metals; such as brass, iron, silver, or even gold, usually carved in sulur floral motifs. The upper part of sheath formed a broad curved handle made from wood or sometimes ivory. It could be adorned with precious or semi-precious stones.

The making of a kris was the specialised duty of metalworkers called empu or pandai besi. In Bali this occupation was preserved by the Pande clan to this day, members of whom also made jewellery. A blade smith, or empu, makes the blade in layers of different iron ores and meteorite nickel. Some blades can be made in a relatively short time, while more legendary weapons take years to complete. In high quality kris blades, the metal is folded dozens or hundreds of times and handled with the utmost precision. Empu are highly respected craftsmen with additional knowledge in literature, history, the occult, etc.

Krises were worn at special ceremonies, with heirloom blades being handed down through successive generations. Both men and women might wear them, though those for women are smaller. A rich spirituality and mythology developed around the weapon. Krises are used for display, as talismans with magical powers, weapons, sanctified heirloom, auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, as an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc.[3]

In Javanese culture kris is revered as tosan aji (Javanese for "sacred heirloom weapon") and considered as pusaka. Kris is believed to have ability to infused bravery upon its holder, this property is known as piyandel in Javanese which means "to add self-confidence". The pusaka kris or kris-tipped spear given by a Javanese king to nobles or his subjects, was meant to symbolize the king's confidence bestowed upon the receiver and considered as a great honor. During Javanese wedding ceremony, kris is required to be adorned with chains of jasmine flower arrangement as an important part of Javanese groom's wedding costume. The addition of jasmine arrangement around the kris was meant as a symbol that a man should not easily be angry, cruel, fierce, too aggressive, tyrannical and abusive.

Kris-makers did more than forge the weapon, they carried out the old rituals which could infuse the blade with mystical powers. For this reason, kris are considered almost alive because they may be vessels of spirits, either good or evil. Legends tell of kris that could move of their own volition and killed individuals at will. Some kris are rumored to stand upright when their real names are called by their masters. It was said that some kris helped prevent fires, death, agricultural failure, and many other problems. Likewise, they could also bring fortune, such as bountiful harvests. Many of these beliefs, however, were erroneously derived from the possession of different kris by different people. For example, there is a type of kris in Java that was called Beras Wutah, which was believed to grant its possessor an easy life without famine. In reality, this kris was mainly assigned to government officers that were paid, in whole or in part with foodstuff such as rice.

There are several ways of testing whether a kris is lucky or not. A series of cuts on a leaf, based on blade width and other factors, could determine if a blade was good or bad. Also, if the owner slept with the blade under their pillow, the spirit of the kris would communicate with the owner via dream. If the owner had a bad dream, the blade was unlucky and had to be discarded, whereas if the owner had a good dream the dagger would bring good fortune. However, just because a blade was bad for one person didn't mean it would be bad for another. Harmony between the weapon and its owner was critical.

Because some kris are considered sacred and believed to possess magical powers, specific rites needed to be completed to avoid calling down evil fates which is the reason warriors often made offerings to their kris at a shrine. There is also the belief that pointing a kris at someone means they will die soon, so silat practitioners precede their demonstrations by touching the points of the blades to the ground so as to neutralise this effect

Several folktales — linked to historical figures — were mentioning about the legendary krises that possess supernatural power and extraordinary ability. Most of the magical krises are from Javanese origin, while the tales are derived from Javanese ancient manuscript, Babad (Javanese chronicle) and Malay Annals.

One of the most famous legends from Java derived from Pararaton (The Book of Kings), describes a legendary bladesmith called Mpu Gandring and his impatient customer, Ken Arok, that took place during the end of Kediri kingdom. The customer ordered a powerful kris to kill the mighty chieftain of Tumapel, Tunggul Ametung. Ken Arok eventually stabbed the old bladesmith to death because he kept delaying the scheduled completion of the kris. Dying, the bladesmith cursed the kris through prophesied that the unfinished or incomplete kris would kill seven men, including Ken Arok. Ken Arok uses the Mpu Gandring's cursed kris to assassin Tunggul Ametung, cunningly put the blame to Kebo Ijo, and build a new kingdom of Singhasari. The prophecy finally came true, with four men enlisted as the kris' first death roll, including Mpu Gandring himself, Tunggul Ametung, Kebo Ijo to whom Ken Arok lent the weapon, and finally Ken Arok himself. The unfinished kris then disappeared.

Another version of the tale describes that the kris passed to Ken Arok's stepson Anusapati which in turn killed his stepfather after recognized that his genuine father was killed by Ken Arok with the same kris. The bloody revenge continued on and on until the reign of Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari kingdom.

The Keris Taming Sari (translation: Flower Shield Kris) (Taming Sari's kris) is one of the most well-known kris in Malay literature, said to be so skilfully crafted that anyone wielding it was unbeatable. In some versions of the legend, the weapon would grant its user physical invulnerability. The legend took place sometimes during the fall of Majapahit Empire and the rise of Malacca Sultanate. Tun Sri Lanang's book, the Sejarah Melayu, tells that it was made by javanese empu and first used by the champion of Majapahit, a pendekar named Taming Sari. He was defeated in a duel to the death by the Melakan admiral Hang Tuah, after which the king of Majapahit presented the weapon to the victor.

After being framed by a jealous official, Hang Tuah was ordered to be executed, but he managed to escape and go into hiding with the help of a minister who knew the truth. Hang Tuah's kris and title of Laksamana (admiral) were passed on to his comrade Hang Jebat. Furious that his best friend was unfairly put to death, Hang Jebat rebelled against the royalty and took over the palace. The desperate ruler of Melaka pardoned the minister so long as Hang Tuah could win him back the throne. Having trained under the same master since childhood the two friends were nearly equals but of the two, Tuah was the superior fighter. However, even after a long battle in the palace, neither could best the other because the Kris Taming Sari evened the odds. Only after taking his weapon back did Hang Tuah manage to stab Jebat, who died soon after.

Another Javanese folk story tells of Arya Penangsang, the mighty Adipati of Jipang who was killed by his own kris called Keris Setan Kober (Javanese for: Devil of the Grave Kris). This kris is a powerful one with 13 luks and tangguh Pajajaran (created in kingdom of Pajajaran) by Mpu Bayu Aji, a skillful bladesmith. Near the finish when the Mpu tried to infuse spiritual power into the kris, he was disturbed by the crying demon (jinn) of the graveyard. As a result, although powerful, the kris is defective. Since Mpu Bayu Aji is so ambitious to create a powerful weapon, plus the disturbance from the devil, the kris has a temperamental evil nature that causes the wielder to be overly ambitious and impatient.

The story took place during the fall of Demak Sultanate that had replaced Majapahit as the ruler of Java. The Keris Setan Kober were safely kept by Sunan Kudus, one of nine Islamic saints of Java. However Sunan Prawoto, son of Prince Trenggana and grandson of Raden Patah, stole it and used it to assassinate his uncle Raden Kikin by the river, since then Raden Kikin also refer as Sekar Seda Lepen (flower that fell by the river). Raden Trenggana rise as Sultan and later after his death, replaced by Sunan Prawoto. Kikin's son, Arya Penangsang of Jipang with the help of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, took revenge by sending an assassin to kill Prawoto using Keris Setan Kober. Prawoto younger sister Ratu Kalinyamat seeks revenge on Penangsang, since Penangsang also murdered her husband. She urged her brother in-law, Hadiwijaya (Joko Tingkir) the ruler of Pajang, to kill Arya Penangsang. Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and also his son in-law Sutawijaya, who would later become the first ruler of the Mataram dynasty.

During a battle, Sutawijaya stabbed Penangsang with Kyai Plered spear right in his gut. Arya Penangsang is bathing in his own blood, and his intestines were hanging from his gut. However because Arya Penangsang is a mighty fighter that possess aji or kesaktian (spiritual power in martial art), he keep fighting with an open wounded stomach. He encircled his hanging intestines on his kris hilt, and continue to fight. When trying to attack his opponent, the reckless, fierce and impatience Panangsang pulled his own Keris Setan Kober off its sheath, foolishly cut his own intestines, and finally died.

The Javanese tradition of putting jasmine garlands chain around the kris' hilt, especially on groom's kris during the wedding ceremony, are actually derived from this tale. It is to symbolyze that the groom should not be reckless, easily get angry, impatient and abusive like Arya Panangsang.[ To replace the intestine, the kris is coiled with a floral garland of jasmine chain that resemble intestine. The jasmine is to symbolize sacredeness, patience, grace, humility, kindness and benevolence, the qualities lack in Panangsang. However another source mentioned that actually Sutawijaya admired Penangsang's fighting spirits, still fighting although his intestine encircled around his kris. Impressed by Penangsang's deed, later he command his male descendants to follow his step, adorned the kris with "intestine" made from the chain of jasmine, as a symbol of bravery. The story of Arya Penangsang has inspired and performed as Javanese ketoprak drama

Throughout the archipelago, kris is a symbol of heroism, martial prowess, power and authority. As a cultural symbol, the meticulously decorated keris represent refinement, art and beauty, as the pride and prized possession for its owner; however, as a weapon it is associated with violence, death and bloodshed. Probably for this reason, although the kris is widespread in Javanese culture, it is not used to symbolise Javanese culture or royalty, as Javanese tradition promotes harmony and discourages direct confrontation (hence the absence of knives on Indonesian dinner tables). This is also why the Javanese traditionally wear the kris on their back, to symbolize violence as the last resort. However, in other parts of archipelago, from Sumatra to the Malay Peninsula and to Sulawesi, the kris is worn on the front or left side on the hip.

The kris is depicted on different emblems, coats and logos. For example, it can be seen in historical flag of Mataram Sultanate and former emblem of Siam to represent Malay minority in Southern Thailand. Kris is displayed in emblems of Riau, Riau Islands Province, Terengganu and Selangor. It also can be seen on an obverse copper-zinc-tin RM1 coin with a songket pattern in the background. The Malaya and British Borneo dollar 1 cent coin of 1962 also depicted a pair of crossed kris.

Since the independence of Malaysia, the kris has become something of a symbol of Malay nationalism. It is still regarded by some as a symbol of ketuanan Melayu, the doctrine of Malay as the dominant race at their homeland, and has been incorporated into the Sang Saka Bangsa, the official flag of the United Malays National Organisation.

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The village of Tablanusu

The exoticism of Papua in the village of Tablanusu

Papua not only had the story of melancholy question of horizontal conflicts. There is a beautiful exotic places in the New Guinea and named the village Tablanusu. It will change your view of Papua.

The village of Tablanusu is located in district Depapre, Jayapura Regency, Papua. This village has become tourism village by the provincial Government of Papua. If you are from the town of Jayapura, You can get on the bus to the city which is 33 kilometers Sentani, then went on a trip by car to the dock Depapre chartered approximately 1.5 hours. Then from the dock Depapre trip just spent 20 minutes to arrive in the village of Tablanasu.

There are 3 types of tours that you will encounter in the village of Tablanasu, i.e. natural history tours, tours, and cultural tourism. The village of Tablanasu has also been well managed and has several facilities, such as lodging, tour guides, boat rentals and others who made this comfortable place for your vacation.

A visit to this place, You will be greeted by beautiful suasanan, cool, green mountains scenery and clean beaches. Uniquely, the beach where it should not be confused with the beach somewhere else. The beach does not have a white sand beach, but it has a coral rocks. However, it turns out that coral rock along the coast could serve as a natural reflection massage the soles.

The village of tablanasu, which means sunset place, inhabited by the people’s livelihood-eyed as fishermen. Typical inhabitants of the place of food is the same as food Papua in General, the areca nut.

For those of you fans of activities diving, crystal clear sea water, the diversity of fish and coral reefs that are still very awake will pamper Your activities. If you are lucky, You may encounter sharks in this place. In addition, You can feel a fisherman with a join the fishermen fish hunting at night.

The village has an area of 230,5 hectares is also has a Lake Dukumbo. You can fish whitefish, oreochromis mossambicus and mas in the pristine Lake while accompanied by loud, various birds and various types of plants. In addition, there are two islets are not far away from the village who have Orchid flowers endemic to New Guinea. In the afternoon, two of the island also hosts an various types of birds. The birds were resting in the branches of the trees and seems to line up to form a beautiful view towards the sunset.

The village of Tablanusu also has remains of Allied soldiers in World War II. Historically, this village used to be one of the Allied army base in eastern Indonesia. Then, You can find the gun emplacements and former Allied soldiers landing dock. In addition, there is also a tomb and Memorial Cross near the Church. The tomb is a local socialite and one of the founders of the Church. As for the inscription of the cross was erected to commemorate the entry of the Christian religion to the village of Tablanusu in the early 1900 ‘s.

The village is divided into ten tribes, namely The Sumile, Danya, Suwae, Apaserai, Serantow, Wambena, Semisu, Selli, Yufuwai, and Yakurimlen. Then, it would be a lot of cultural diversity that you encounter on the site

article from : http://learnindonesia.com

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Debus tradition from banten

Debus of another tradition from banten

After said the mantra "you touch my skin, you drink my blood, you are forbidden to eat flesh, vein like wire, bone like plate, skin of steel, I come out of the womb of the mother. I say” la ilaha illahu ". So at that moment he thrust the dagger into the thighs, arms, stomach and other body parts. At that time he also grabbed the neck of the attractions of a small child as he drew his machete into the child. Surprisingly the former is missing a bolt machete scar that is very dangerous for the child.

Attractions that are very dangerous we used to know called Debus, Debus said that martial arts originated from al-Madad area. The longer the martial arts is growing and growing in all societies as an art entertainment offerings for the community. Core of the show is still very strong movement or martial arts and weapons use. Debus arts offerings are widely used and focus on a person's immune players against sharp objects, and sort of sharp weapon is called the Debus.

Grow and develop this art since hundreds of years ago, along with the development of Islamic religion in Punjab. In awalna this art has the function as the spread of religion, but in the Dutch colonial period and during the reign of Sultan Agung Tirtayasa. This martial art is used to evoke the spirit of the warrior and the people who made offerings against Dutch colonialism. Because at that power is not balanced, which has a dutch weapons very complete and sophisticated. Continue to urge the fighters and people of offerings, the only weapons they have no other martial arts heritage of Debus, and they take the fight as guerrillas.

Debus in Arabic which means sharp weapons made of iron, has a pointed tip and slightly rounded shape. With this tool Debus injured players, and usually can not be penetrated even Debus was beaten many times by others. Attractions attraction of this body immunity is another variation of existing Debus performed. Among other things, stabbing stomach with a sharp object or cutting, slicing the body with a machete until the injured and uninjured, eating fire, insert a long needle into the tongue, skin, cheeks until translucent and not injured. Slicing limbs to wounded and bleeding, but can be cured at once, flush the body with hard water are attached to clothes dibadan crushed, chewed glass / glass flake, burn the body. And many more attractions that they do.

In doing this attraction every player has a requirement that heavy conditions, before they perform the ritual ritual performances given by their teacher. Usually done 1-2 weeks prior to the ritual performed. In addition they are also required to have a strong faith and be confident with the teachings of Islam. Precepts for whistle players are not allowed to drink liquor, gambling, playing a woman, or steal. And the players also need to be sure and do not hesitate in carrying out such action, violations committed by a player can greatly endanger the lives of these players.

According to some historical sources, Debus has a relationship with the congregation in the teachings of Islam. Which in essence is very thick with religious philosophy, they are in a very happy face to face with his god. They slammed their ketubuh sharps, no effort but because God alone. If God did not allow a machete, machetes and bullets injure them. And they will not hurt.

At this time many warriors living in the Village Walantaka Debus, District Walantaka, Serang District. Which is unfortunate presence diminished the longer whistle, because the young men would rather find another livelihood. And because this attraction is also quite dangerous to do, because not many players Debus who rarely harmed by lack of exercise and there are "ignorant" to show they are doing. So the longer the cultural heritage is increasingly extinct. In the past we can see the attraction of this whistle offerings in many areas, but now there are only Debus attractions at the event - a specific event. So not every day we can see this attraction. Cultural heritage, which is increasingly eroded by the changing times

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PELABUHAN RATU

Palabuhanratu is an isolated fishing village at the south coast of West Java in the Sukabumi Regency, serves as its capital. It is up to 12 hours' drive from Indonesia's capital Jakarta due to traffic jam in Ciawi, Cicurug, Cibadak and Pelabuhan Ratu gate, whose residents love to visit Teluk Palabuhanratu Bay, once named "Wijnkoopsbaai" by the Dutch. The bay is shaped like a large horseshoe and has enormous waves that can be very treacherous. The Sundanese locals tell that the Indian Ocean is the home of Nyai Loro Kidul who reigns along the south-coast of all Java.

Palabuhanratu has become a popular location for surfers in recent years, with its Indian Ocean location providing good waves for surfing. Several spots that are popular with for surfers are Cimaja Beach, Sunset Beach, Karang Sari Beach and Karang Aji Beach.

From June 12 to 18, 2011 the second event of West Java Surfing Championship has been initialized at Cimaja Beach which has 750 meter beach and wave about 1 to 2 meters height. The competition got 6 stars surfing premium (the highest rank) as a part of Indonesian Surfing Championship and also Asian Surfing Championship Tours. Cimaja Beach has many rocks, so sometimes it is called as Beach Without Sand.

The current port will be improved to become Ocean Fishing Port with investment Rp.415 billion ($48.8 million) on 17-hectare area expansion. The project will be initialized in September 2011.

Palabuhanratu beach, or more popular as the Queen's Harbour Beach, is a resort on the Indian Ocean on the south coast of West Java. The location is situated about 60 km to the south of Sukabumi.

This beach is known to have waves that are strong and therefore dangerous to swimmers beach. Topography in the form of a combination of steep and gently sloping beaches, steep cliffs, pounding surf and forest nature reserves.

Because this place has its own charm, resting place of President Sukarno founded in 1960 in the Official Tenjo. In addition, at the initiative of Sukarno also established the Ocean Beach Hotel, one of the first luxury hotel built in Indonesia at the same time with the Hotel Indonesia, Bali Beach Hotel, and Convenience Stores "Sarinah", all of which use the funds war reparations from Japan .

in addition to large hotels and luxury Ocean Beach Hotel, in this area there are also a number of hotels and small inns, cottage resorts resort is one of the luxury villas are quite popular visited by tourists. Not far from the beach Palabuhanratu there are several other tourist locations. Karanghawu beach, which is located about 20 miles from downtown Palabuhanratu, a coastal rock that juts into the sea and holes in some parts of it. Corals form more like the furnace, in Sundanese called "Hawu". Other beaches are located in this area include the Coast Cibareno, Cimaja, Cibangban, Break Water, Citepus, Kebon Coconut, and Tenjo Official.

Approximately 17 miles of beach Palabuhanratu there are hot springs in Cisolok, where the water contains a high sulfur and useful for health.

Around Palabuhanratu, there are at least nine points for surfing locations, namely at Stone Guram, Karang Sari, Ocean Beach, Cimaja, Karang Haji, Indicator, Sunset Beach, Waves Edge Seven to tile. Each beach has waves with its own characteristics.

Community, especially the south coast Palabuhanratu believe there sea south of the ruling Queen of South. That said, he was a beautiful queen like an angel. In the South Seas - another name for the Indian Ocean - south of the island of Java, he is seated on a royal spirits are great and beautiful.

In April the surrounding community usually held ritual ceremonies Palabuhanratu Fisherman's Day. Fishermen's Day is meant as a celebration of sustenance they have earned from the sea and to be kept away from disaster. Usually the ceremony is provided by the offerings of buffalo head that will be dilarung to sea

Palabuhanratu beach is also known as a place to lay eggs and breeding turtles are threatened with extinction, and hence including one of the protected animals in the world. However, the turtles on the beach Palabuhanratu still often rounded to eat meat while his body and his skin was used as souvenirs and eggs were harvested for the community.

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Dieng Plateau in Central Java

 plateau region in Central Java

Dieng Plateau is a plateau region in Central Java, who entered the district of Banjarnegara and Wonosobo district. It lies to the west of Mount Sindoro complex and Sumbing.

Dieng is an active volcanic area and can be said is a giant volcano with a crater crater. The average height is about 2.000m above sea level. Temperatures range from 15-20 ° C in the daytime and 10 ° C at night. In the dry season (July and August), temperatures can reach 0 ° C in the morning and bring frost by the locals called bun upas ("dew poison") because it causes damage to agricultural crops.

Administratively, the Dieng Dieng Kulon Village area, District Batur, District Banjarnegara and Dieng ("Dieng Wetan"), District Kejajar, Wonosobo district. This region is one of the most remote regions in Central Java.

Dieng name comes from the combination of two words Kawi language: "in" which means "place" or "mountain" and "Hyang 'meant (God). Thus, Dieng means mountainous area where the gods and goddesses reside [citation needed]. Another theory states, a name derived from the Dieng Sundanese ("in hyang") as estimated in the pre-Medang (around the 7th century AD) the area is in the political influence of the Kingdom Galuh

Dieng plateau (DTD) is a plateau with volcanic activity below the surface, such as Yellowstone or the Tengger Highlands. This is but a caldera with the mountains surrounding the edges. There are many craters as the discharge gas, water vapor and various other volcanic material. This situation is very dangerous for the people who inhabit the region, evidenced by the eruption of Crater gas Sinila 1979. Not only poisonous gas, but also may be possible earthquakes, mud eruptions, landslides and flooding.

In addition to the crater, there are volcanic lakes that contain water mixed with sulfur so that it has distinctive yellow-green color.

In biology, volcanic activity at Dieng interesting because it was found in water-hot water near the crater of some species of thermophilic bacteria ("like heat") that can be used to reveal early life on Earth.

Craters

The active crater at Dieng is the crater of volcanic activity beneath the plateau. Monitoring activities carried out by PVMBG through Observation Post in the District Karangtengah Dieng. Here are the active craters are monitored:

Candradimuka

Sibanteng

Siglagah

Sikendang, potentially toxic gases

Sikidang

Sileri

Sinila, potentially toxic gases

Weigh, potentially toxic gases

 Crater Sibanteng

Sibanteng Kulon Dieng is located in the Village. Phreatic crater had erupted in January 2009 (15 / 1), led to the tourist area of ​​Dieng to be closed several days to anticipate the occurrence of gas poisoning disaster. Mud eruption heard up to 2km, damaging surrounding Perhutani owned forest, and causing landslides that block Kali White, son Serayu River.

Sibanteng crater had also erupted in July 2003.

 Crater Sikidang

Sikidang is a crater in the DTD of the most popular visited by tourists because it is most easily achieved. The crater is famous for the gas discharge holes are always moving in a broad region. From this character derives its name because locals see it move like a deer (deer in Javanese).

 Crater Sileri

Sileri is the crater of the most active and has erupted several times (based on records: 1944, 1964, 1984, July 2003, and September 2009). In recent phreatic activity (26 September 2009) appeared three new craters gap accompanied by the emission of material as high as 200 meters.

Crater Sinila

Sinila Wetan Dieng is located in the Village. Sinila crater had erupted on the morning of 1979, precisely February 20, 1979. The quake caused make people run out of the house, but they are trapped toxic gases out of the crater eruption triggered Sinila Weigh result. [4] A number of residents (149 people) and cattle died of gas poisoning of carbon dioxide is released and spread into residential areas.

Crater Weigh

Weigh is a crater that is located near Sinila and active medium. Although less active, this crater is a highly concentrated source of CO2 gas which took hundreds of victims in 1979. The crater was last recorded increased activity in May 2011 with belching white smoke as high as 20 feet, removing CO 2 in concentrations exceeding safe threshold (1,000 ppm, the normal concentration in air near 400 ppm) and display volcanic earthquakes [5]. On May 31, 2011 morning, the crater was re-release of CO2 to reach 1% v / v (100,000 ppm) accompanied by earthquake tremors. As a result, all activities within a radius of 1 km is prohibited and Hamlet and Hamlet Attack Simbar evacuated

The summits

Prahu mountain (2565 m)

Pakuwaja mountain (2395 m)

Sikunir mountain (2263 m), tourist attractions, near Sembungan

Lake volcanic

Colour Lake, a tourist attraction with a place nearby persemadian

Cebon lake, near the tourist village Sembungan

Lake Merdada

Lake Pengilon

Lake dringo

Indigo Lake

Some cultural and natural heritage have been used as a tourist attraction and is managed jointly by the two districts, namely Banjarnegara and Wonosobo. Here are some attractions in the Dieng.

Lake: Lake Color, a lake that often raises shades of red, green, blue, white, and violet, Pengilon Lake, Lake Merdada.

Crater: Sikidang, Sileri, Sinila (erupting and spewing toxic gas in 1979 with 149 victims of the soul), Crater Candradimuka.

Complex of Hindu temples built in the 7th century, among others: Ghatotkacha Temple, Temple of Bhima, Arjuna Temple, Temple Semar, Temple Sembadra, Heroine Temple, Temple Setyaki, Gangsiran Ashwatthama, and Temple Dwarawati.

Cave: Cave Semar, Jaran Cave, Cave of the Well. Located between Lake and Lake Colors Pengilon, often used as a place of spiritual though.

Jalatunda wells.

Dieng Volcanic Theater, a theater to see movies about kegunungapian in Dieng.

Kailasa Dieng Museum, storing artifacts and provide information about natural (geology, flora and fauna), the Dieng (daily, agriculture, belief, art) from the Dieng and archaeological heritage. Having a theater to see movies (currently about archeology Dieng), outdoor stage on the roof of the museum, and restaurants.

Serayu River springs, often referred to Bima Lukar Tuk (Tuk = spring)

Dieng area is the producer of highland vegetables to the region of Central Java. Potatoes are the main commodities. In addition, carrots, cabbage, onions and various onion-generated from this region. In addition to vegetables, Dieng is also the production centers of the mountain papaya (Carica) and fungi.

However, due to agricultural activity that rapid forest area in the tops of mountains running out of land converted to vegetable cropping

Dieng area is still geologically active and many have a hydrothermal energy sources. There are three main hydrothermal field, namely Pakuwaja, Sileri, and Sikidang. In all three there fumarola (the crater steam) is active, mud pools and steam field. Hot springs are found, for example, in Bitingan, Siglagah, pulosari, and Jojogan, with average temperatures ranging from 25 ° C (Jojogan) to 58 ° C (Siglagah) Sikidang region has begun to be exploited as a source of hydrothermal energy

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story about mount bromo

story about mount bromo

Mount Bromo (Indonesian: Gunung Bromo), is an active volcano and part of the Tengger massif, in East Java, Indonesia. At 2,329 metres (7,641 ft) it is not the highest peak of the massif, but is the most well known. The massif area is one of the most visited tourist attractions in East Java, Indonesia. The volcano belongs to the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. The name of Bromo derived from Javanese pronunciation of Brahma, the Hindu creator god.

Mount Bromo sits in the middle of a vast plain called the "Sea of Sand" (Javanese: Segara Wedi or Indonesian: Lautan Pasir), a protected nature reserve since 1919. The typical way to visit Mount Bromo is from the nearby mountain village of Cemoro Lawang. From there it is possible to walk to the volcano in about 45 minutes, but it is also possible to take an organised jeep tour, which includes a stop at the viewpoint on Mount Penanjakan (2,770 m or 9,088 ft) (Indonesian: Gunung Penanjakan). The best views from Mount Bromo to the Sand Sea below and the surrounding volcanoes are at sunrise. The viewpoint on Mount Penanjakan can also be reached on foot in about two hours. From inside the caldera, sulfur is collected by workers.

Depending on the degree of volcanic activity, the Indonesian Centre for Vulcanology and Disaster Hazard Mitigation sometimes issues warnings against visiting Mount Bromo. The list of outstanding warnings may be consulted at the Indonesian-language website of the Centre.

On the fourteenth day of the Hindu festival of Yadnya Kasada, the Tenggerese people of Probolinggo, East Java, travel up the mountain in order to make offerings of fruit, rice, vegetables, flowers and sacrifices of livestock to the mountain gods by throwing them into the caldera of the volcano. The origin of the ritual lies in the 15th century legend where a princess named Roro Anteng started the principality of Tengger with her husband, Joko Seger. The couple were childless and therefore beseeched the assistance of the mountain gods. The gods granted them 24 children but stipulated that the 25th child, named Kesuma, must be thrown into the volcano as human sacrifice.

 The gods' request was implemented. The tradition of throwing sacrifices into the volcano to appease these ancient deities continues today and called Yadnya Kasada ceremony. Though fraught with danger, some locals risk climbing down into the crater in an attempt to recollect the sacrificed goods that believed could bring them good luck.

On the Segara Wedi sand plain sits a Hindu temple called Pura Luhur Poten. The temple holds a significant importance to the Tenggerese scatter across the mountainous villages such as Ngadisari, Wonokitri, Ngadas, Argosari, Ranu Prani, Ledok Ombo and Wonokerso. The temple organized annual Yadnya Kasada ceremony which lasts for about one month. On the 14th day, the Tenggerese will congregate at Pura Luhur Poten to ask for blessings from Ida Sang Hyang Widi Wasa and God of Mahameru (Mount Semeru). Then the mass will proceed along the crater edges of Mt Bromo where offerings will be thrown into the crater. The major difference between this temple with the Balinese ones are the type of stones and building materials. Pura Luhur Poten uses natural black stones from volcanoes nearby, while Balinese temples mostly made from red bricks. Inside this pura, there are several buildings and enclosures aligned in Mandala zone composition.

Activity

Mount Bromo erupted in 2004, that eruptive episode led to the death of two people

On Tuesday, 23 November 2010, 16.30 WIB (Western Indonesian Time), the Indonesian Centre of Vulcanology and Geology Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) confirmed the activity status of Mount Bromo at "alert" due to increasing tremor activity and shallow volcanic earthquakes at the mountain. Concerns were raised that a volcanic eruption may be likely to occur. As a precaution local residents and tourists were instructed to remain clear of an area within radius three kilometres from the caldera and refugee encampments were erected. The area surrounding the Teggera caldera of Bromo remained off limits for visitors throughout the remaining part of 2010.

Bromo started to erupt ash on Friday 26 November 2010.

On 29 November 2010 Transport Ministry spokesman Bambang Ervan announced that Malang's domestic airport, would be closed until 4 December 2010. Malang a city of about 800,000 people is about 25 km (16 mi) west of Mount Bromo. Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport IATA:MLG normally handles 10 daily domestic flights from the capital Jakarta. Government volcanologist Surono reported that the volcano was spitting columns of ash some 700 metres (2,300 feet) into the sky.

The Tengger Caldera was still active in late January 2011, the activity being characterised by fluctuating ongoing eruptions. On 23 January 2011 the Indonesian Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) (Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi) reported that since 19 December, 2010 volcanic ash and incandescent material had been thrown up by eruptive activity resulting in a heavy rain of material that fell around the crater. Continuous eruptions on 21 January caused a thin ash fall mainly in the village areas of Ngadirejo and Sukapura Wonokerto in Probolinggo district. The impact of a heavy rain of volcanic ash from eruptions since 19 December 2010 resulted in disruption of normal activities. By early 2011 concerns were being raised concerning the effect upon the local economy and the potential for long term environmental and health problems amongst the residents in the locality surrounding Mount Bromo. Due to high seasonal rainfall in January 2011 the potential for lahar and lava flow was raised due to the deposits of volcanic ash, sand and other ejected material that had built up. Seismic activity was dominated by tremor vibration and reports of visual intensity and sounds of eruption continued to be reported from the mountain monitoring facility, Bromo Observation Post. People living on the banks of the Perahu Ravine, Nganten Ravine and Sukapura River were alerted to the possibility of lava flows, especially when it was raining heavily in the area around Cemorolawang, Ngadisari and Ngadirejo. Eruptions and volcanic tremors were reported on 21 January and 22 January with activity subsiding on 23 January 2011. On 23 January, 2011 at 06:00 am the alert status at Mount Bromo remained at (Level III).

On 23 January 2011 an exclusion zone was recommended for communities living around Mount Bromo. Tourists and hikers were to advised not to come within a radius of 2 km from the active crater. CVGHM stated that they expected warning signs to be installed stating the limit radius of 2 km from the crater. Operational caution was recommended for flights into and leaving Juanda International Airport IATA:SUB in Surabaya. CVGHM recommended the establishment of public areas for the provision of face masks and eye protection. CVGHM also issued a warning to residents to be cautious of ash build up on roofs and other places that may give cause for collapse under the burden of ash.

Further eruptions and the issuing of Aviation Ash advisories on 27 January and 28 January 2011 led to concerns being raised regarding a volcanic ash plume, reported to be drifting eastward toward the air corridors used to access the Ngurah Rai International Airport IATA:DPS in Bali. Airport official Sherly Yunita was reported at the time as stating that concerns about visibility had prompted Singapore Airlines, Jetstar-ValueAir, Air France-KLM, Virgin Blue and Cathay Pacific to cancel several flights to Bali, 340 km (210 mi) to the east.SilkAir also cancelled flights on the 27 January between Singapore and Lombok, an island to the east of Bali. The Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre in Darwin, Australia released several Code Red Aviation Ash Advisories pertaining to Mount Bromo (Tengger Caldera), on 27 January. They indicated that ash was observed at altitudes up to 18,000 ft (FL180) extending 200 nautical mi to the south east of the caldera. In other ash advisories of that day the cloud was reported as at times having a 10 km/h drift, both to the east, and to the south east.

Tiltmeter

The Indonesian Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) reported on 13 January 2011, that deformation using tiltmeter measurements indicated an inflation at rate of 5 micro radians between 25 November 2010 and 14 December 2010 and a relatively stable since 15 December, 2010 both on Radial Components and Tangential Components.

EDM

Deformation measurement using EDM compared observations at designated measuring points; POS-BRO, POS-KUR and POS-BAT during the period 25 November 2010 - 20 December 2010 with observations from the period 21 December 2010 - 30 December 2010 indicated the shortening of the distance from the POS-BAT, or inflation. Observations between 30 December 2010 to 23 January 2011 were reported as relatively stable.

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